- Python Min Max Scaling
- Python Min Max Normalization
- Python Min Max List
- Python Min Max Function
- Python Min Max Mean
- Python Min Max Heap
The Python max function returns the largest item in an iterable. It can also be used to find the largest item between two or more parameters. The max function has two forms: // to find the largest item in an iterable max (iterable,.iterables, key, default) // to find the largest item between two or more objects max (arg1, arg2,.args, key).
This module provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the Cstandard.
A min heap is a heap where every single parent node, including the root, is less than or equal to the value of its children nodes. The most important property of a min heap is that the node with the smallest, or minimum value, will always be the root node. Max heap is similar. How to get min, seconds and milliseconds from datetime.now in python? This seems to be the easiest way to do this in Python 3. What is the max current that.
These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of thesame name from the
cmath
module if you require support for complexnumbers. The distinction between functions which support complex numbers andthose which don’t is made since most users do not want to learn quite as muchmathematics as required to understand complex numbers. Receiving an exceptioninstead of a complex result allows earlier detection of the unexpected complexnumber used as a parameter, so that the programmer can determine how and why itwas generated in the first place.The following functions are provided by this module. Except when explicitlynoted otherwise, all return values are floats.
Number-theoretic and representation functions¶
How to sort a list of numbers without using built-in functions like min max or any other function. Yes,sort is a built in function in python. By Fahmida Yesmin Python NumPy library has many aggregate or statistical functions for doing different types of tasks with the one-dimensional or multi-dimensional array. Some of the useful aggregate functions are mean , min , max , average , sum , median , percentile , etc.
math.
ceil
(x)¶Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.If x is not a float, delegates to
x.__ceil__()
, which should return anIntegral
value.math.
comb
(n, k)¶Return the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetitionand without order.
Evaluates to
n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
when k<=n
and evaluatesto zero when k>n
.Also called the binomial coefficient because it is equivalentto the coefficient of k-th term in polynomial expansion of theexpression
(1+x)**n
.Raises
TypeError
if either of the arguments are not integers.Raises ValueError
if either of the arguments are negative.math.
copysign
(x, y)¶Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign ofy. On platforms that support signed zeros,
copysign(1.0,-0.0)
returns -1.0.math.
fabs
(x)¶Return the absolute value of x.
math.
factorial
(x)¶Return x factorial as an integer. Raises
ValueError
if x is not integral oris negative.Deprecated since version 3.9: Accepting floats with integral values (like
5.0
) is deprecated.math.
floor
(x)¶Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.If x is not a float, delegates to
x.__floor__()
, which should return anIntegral
value.math.
fmod
(x, y)¶Return
fmod(x,y)
, as defined by the platform C library. Note that thePython expression x%y
may not return the same result. The intent of the Cstandard is that fmod(x,y)
be exactly (mathematically; to infiniteprecision) equal to x-n*y
for some integer n such that the result hasthe same sign as x and magnitude less than abs(y)
. Python’s x%y
returns a result with the sign of y instead, and may not be exactly computablefor float arguments. For example, fmod(-1e-100,1e100)
is -1e-100
, butthe result of Python’s -1e-100%1e100
is 1e100-1e-100
, which cannot berepresented exactly as a float, and rounds to the surprising 1e100
. Forthis reason, function fmod()
is generally preferred when working withfloats, while Python’s x%y
is preferred when working with integers.math.
frexp
(x)¶Return the mantissa and exponent of x as the pair
(m,e)
. m is a floatand e is an integer such that xm*2**e
exactly. If x is zero,returns (0.0,0)
, otherwise 0.5<=abs(m)<1
. This is used to “pickapart” the internal representation of a float in a portable way.math.
fsum
(iterable)¶Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable. Avoidsloss of precision by tracking multiple intermediate partial sums:
The algorithm’s accuracy depends on IEEE-754 arithmetic guarantees and thetypical case where the rounding mode is half-even. On some non-Windowsbuilds, the underlying C library uses extended precision addition and mayoccasionally double-round an intermediate sum causing it to be off in itsleast significant bit.
For further discussion and two alternative approaches, see the ASPN cookbookrecipes for accurate floating point summation.
math.
gcd
(*integers)¶Return the greatest common divisor of the specified integer arguments.If any of the arguments is nonzero, then the returned value is the largestpositive integer that is a divisor of all arguments. If all argumentsare zero, then the returned value is
0
. gcd()
without argumentsreturns 0
.New in version 3.5.
Changed in version 3.9: Added support for an arbitrary number of arguments. Formerly, only twoarguments were supported.
math.
isclose
(a, b, *, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0)¶Return
True
if the values a and b are close to each other andFalse
otherwise.Whether or not two values are considered close is determined according togiven absolute and relative tolerances.
rel_tol is the relative tolerance – it is the maximum allowed differencebetween a and b, relative to the larger absolute value of a or b.For example, to set a tolerance of 5%, pass
rel_tol=0.05
. The defaulttolerance is 1e-09
, which assures that the two values are the samewithin about 9 decimal digits. rel_tol must be greater than zero.abs_tol is the minimum absolute tolerance – useful for comparisons nearzero. abs_tol must be at least zero.
Sessionrestore. If no errors occur, the result will be:
abs(a-b)<=max(rel_tol*max(abs(a),abs(b)),abs_tol)
.The IEEE 754 special values of
NaN
, inf
, and -inf
will behandled according to IEEE rules. Specifically, NaN
is not consideredclose to any other value, including NaN
. inf
and -inf
are onlyconsidered close to themselves.See also
PEP 485 – A function for testing approximate equality
math.
isfinite
(x)¶Return
True
if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, andFalse
otherwise. (Note that 0.0
is considered finite.)math.
isinf
(x)¶Return
True
if x is a positive or negative infinity, andFalse
otherwise.math.
isnan
(x)¶Return
True
if x is a NaN (not a number), and False
otherwise.math.
isqrt
(n)¶Return the integer square root of the nonnegative integer n. This is thefloor of the exact square root of n, or equivalently the greatest integera such that a² ≤ n.
For some applications, it may be more convenient to have the least integera such that n ≤ a², or in other words the ceiling ofthe exact square root of n. For positive n, this can be computed using
a=1+isqrt(n-1)
.New in version 3.8.
math.
lcm
(*integers)¶Return the least common multiple of the specified integer arguments.If all arguments are nonzero, then the returned value is the smallestpositive integer that is a multiple of all arguments. If any of the argumentsis zero, then the returned value is
0
. lcm()
without argumentsreturns 1
.math.
ldexp
(x, i)¶Return
x*(2**i)
. This is essentially the inverse of functionfrexp()
.math.
modf
(x)¶Return the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the signof x and are floats.
math.
nextafter
(x, y)¶Python Min Max Scaling
Return the next floating-point value after x towards y.
If x is equal to y, return y.
Examples:
math.nextafter(x,math.inf)
goes up: towards positive infinity.math.nextafter(x,-math.inf)
goes down: towards minus infinity.math.nextafter(x,0.0)
goes towards zero.math.nextafter(x,math.copysign(math.inf,x))
goes away from zero.
See also
math.ulp()
.New in version 3.9.
math.
perm
(n, k=None)¶Return the number of ways to choose k items from n itemswithout repetition and with order.
Evaluates to
n!/(n-k)!
when k<=n
and evaluatesto zero when k>n
.If k is not specified or is None, then k defaults to nand the function returns
n!
.Raises
TypeError
if either of the arguments are not integers.Raises ValueError
if either of the arguments are negative.math.
prod
(iterable, *, start=1)¶Calculate the product of all the elements in the input iterable.The default start value for the product is
1
.When the iterable is empty, return the start value. This function isintended specifically for use with numeric values and may rejectnon-numeric types.
New in version 3.8.
math.
remainder
(x, y)¶Return the IEEE 754-style remainder of x with respect to y. Forfinite x and finite nonzero y, this is the difference
x-n*y
,where n
is the closest integer to the exact value of the quotient x/y
. If x/y
is exactly halfway between two consecutive integers, thenearest even integer is used for n
. The remainder r=remainder(x,y)
thus always satisfies abs(r)<=0.5*abs(y)
.Special cases follow IEEE 754: in particular,
remainder(x,math.inf)
isx for any finite x, and remainder(x,0)
andremainder(math.inf,x)
raise ValueError
for any non-NaN x.If the result of the remainder operation is zero, that zero will havethe same sign as x.On platforms using IEEE 754 binary floating-point, the result of thisoperation is always exactly representable: no rounding error is introduced.
math.
trunc
(x)¶Return the
Real
value x truncated to anIntegral
(usually an integer). Delegates tox.__trunc__()
.math.
ulp
(x)¶Return the value of the least significant bit of the float x:
- If x is a NaN (not a number), return x.
- If x is negative, return
ulp(-x)
. - If x is a positive infinity, return x.
- If x is equal to zero, return the smallest positivedenormalized representable float (smaller than the minimum positivenormalized float,
sys.float_info.min
). - If x is equal to the largest positive representable float,return the value of the least significant bit of x, such that the firstfloat smaller than x is
x-ulp(x)
. - Otherwise (x is a positive finite number), return the value of the leastsignificant bit of x, such that the first float bigger than xis
x+ulp(x)
.
ULP stands for “Unit in the Last Place”.
See also
math.nextafter()
and sys.float_info.epsilon
.New in version 3.9.
Note that
frexp()
and modf()
have a different call/return patternthan their C equivalents: they take a single argument and return a pair ofvalues, rather than returning their second return value through an ‘outputparameter’ (there is no such thing in Python).For the
ceil()
, floor()
, and modf()
functions, note that allfloating-point numbers of sufficiently large magnitude are exact integers.Python floats typically carry no more than 53 bits of precision (the same as theplatform C double type), in which case any float x with abs(x)>=2**52
necessarily has no fractional bits.Power and logarithmic functions¶
math.
exp
(x)¶Return e raised to the power x, where e = 2.718281… is the baseof natural logarithms. This is usually more accurate than
math.e**x
or pow(math.e,x)
.math.
expm1
(x)¶Return e raised to the power x, minus 1. Here e is the base of naturallogarithms. For small floats x, the subtraction in
exp(x)-1
can result in a significant loss of precision; the expm1()
function provides a way to compute this quantity to full precision:New in version 3.2.
math.
log
(x[, base])¶With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e).
With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base,calculated as
log(x)/log(base)
.math.
log1p
(x)¶Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). Theresult is calculated in a way which is accurate for x near zero.
math.
log2
(x)¶Return the base-2 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than
log(x,2)
.See also
int.bit_length()
returns the number of bits necessary to representan integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros.math.
log10
(x)¶Return the base-10 logarithm of x. This is usually more accuratethan
log(x,10)
.math.
pow
(x, y)¶Return
x
raised to the power y
. Exceptional cases followAnnex ‘F’ of the C99 standard as far as possible. In particular,pow(1.0,x)
and pow(x,0.0)
always return 1.0
, evenwhen x
is a zero or a NaN. If both x
and y
are finite,x
is negative, and y
is not an integer then pow(x,y)
is undefined, and raises ValueError
.Unlike the built-in
**
operator, math.pow()
converts bothits arguments to type float
. Use **
or the built-inpow()
function for computing exact integer powers.math.
sqrt
(x)¶Return the square root of x.
Trigonometric functions¶
math.
acos
(x)¶Return the arc cosine of x, in radians. The result is between
0
andpi
.math.
asin
(x)¶Return the arc sine of x, in radians. The result is between
-pi/2
andpi/2
.math.
atan
(x)¶Return the arc tangent of x, in radians. The result is between
-pi/2
andpi/2
.math.
atan2
(y, x)¶Return
atan(y/x)
, in radians. The result is between -pi
and pi
.The vector in the plane from the origin to point (x,y)
makes this anglewith the positive X axis. The point of atan2()
is that the signs of bothinputs are known to it, so it can compute the correct quadrant for the angle.For example, atan(1)
and atan2(1,1)
are both pi/4
, but atan2(-1,-1)
is -3*pi/4
.math.
cos
(x)¶Return the cosine of x radians.
math.
dist
(p, q)¶Return the Euclidean distance between two points p and q, eachgiven as a sequence (or iterable) of coordinates. The two pointsmust have the same dimension.
Roughly equivalent to: Laurence tribe twitter.
New in version 3.8.
math.
hypot
(*coordinates)¶Return the Euclidean norm,
sqrt(sum(x**2forxincoordinates))
.This is the length of the vector from the origin to the pointgiven by the coordinates.For a two dimensional point
(x,y)
, this is equivalent to computingthe hypotenuse of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem,sqrt(x*x+y*y)
.Changed in version 3.8: Added support for n-dimensional points. Formerly, only the twodimensional case was supported.
math.
sin
(x)¶Return the sine of x radians.
math.
tan
(x)¶Return the tangent of x radians.
Angular conversion¶
math.
degrees
(x)¶Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
math.
radians
(x)¶Convert angle x from degrees to radians.
Hyperbolic functions¶
Hyperbolic functionsare analogs of trigonometric functions that are based on hyperbolasinstead of circles.
math.
acosh
(x)¶Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
math.
asinh
(x)¶Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
math.
atanh
(x)¶Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
math.
cosh
(x)¶Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.
math.
sinh
(x)¶Return the hyperbolic sine of x.
math.
tanh
(x)¶Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.
Special functions¶
math.
erf
(x)¶Return the error function atx.
The
erf()
function can be used to compute traditional statisticalfunctions such as the cumulative standard normal distribution:New in version 3.2.
math.
erfc
(x)¶Return the complementary error function at x. The complementary errorfunction is defined as
1.0-erf(x)
. It is used for large values of x where a subtractionfrom one would cause a loss of significance.math.
gamma
(x)¶Return the Gamma function atx.
New in version 3.2.
math.
lgamma
(x)¶Return the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gammafunction at x.
Constants¶
math.
pi
¶The mathematical constant π = 3.141592…, to available precision.
math.
e
¶The mathematical constant e = 2.718281…, to available precision.
math.
tau
¶The mathematical constant τ = 6.283185…, to available precision.Tau is a circle constant equal to 2π, the ratio of a circle’s circumference toits radius. To learn more about Tau, check out Vi Hart’s video Pi is (still)Wrong, and start celebratingTau day by eating twice as much pie!
math.
inf
¶A floating-point positive infinity. (For negative infinity, use
-math.inf
.) Equivalent to the output of float('inf')
.New in version 3.5.
math.
nan
¶A floating-point “not a number” (NaN) value. Equivalent to the output of
float('nan')
.CPython implementation detail: The
math
module consists mostly of thin wrappers around the platform Cmath library functions. Behavior in exceptional cases follows Annex F ofthe C99 standard where appropriate. The current implementation will raiseValueError
for invalid operations like sqrt(-1.0)
or log(0.0)
(where C99 Annex F recommends signaling invalid operation or divide-by-zero),and OverflowError
for results that overflow (for example,exp(1000.0)
). A NaN will not be returned from any of the functionsabove unless one or more of the input arguments was a NaN; in that case,most functions will return a NaN, but (again following C99 Annex F) thereare some exceptions to this rule, for example pow(float('nan'),0.0)
orhypot(float('nan'),float('inf'))
.Note that Python makes no effort to distinguish signaling NaNs fromquiet NaNs, and behavior for signaling NaNs remains unspecified.Typical behavior is to treat all NaNs as though they were quiet.
See also
cmath
Python Min Max Normalization
Complex number versions of many of these functions.
Python min() and max() are built-in functions in python which returns the smallest number and the largest number of the list respectively, as the output. Python min() can also be used to find the smaller one in the comparison of two variables or lists. However, Python max() on the other hand is used to find the bigger one in the comparison of two variables or lists.
The syntax for python min() function is:
The syntax for python max() function is:
The iterable parameter can be an object like string, list, tuple or a map etc. The default parameter consists of a default value which is returned when the iterable parameter is null, otherwise an exception ValueError is thrown in the other case. The key is referred to as the parameter which checks for the order of sorting. Min() calculates the minimum number as an output and max() computes the maximum number out of all in the list.
Python Min Max List
Python program to understand the use of min() Function
The output of the above python program will be:
Python program to understand the use of max() Function
The output of the above python program will be:
Python min() and max() works well for data types such as string well too. Let us see a program below to understand the use of the min() function with strings:
Program Example 1:
Python Min Max Function
The output of the above python program will be:
Program Example 2:
Python Min Max Mean
The output of the above python program will be:
Some Exceptions while using min() and max() built-in functions
TypeError Exception: This exception occurs while the user tries to compare the two data types. For example min((“abc”, “abcd”, 23, 12). In this case, the user will get run time exception as an error as it is impossible to find the smallest between two different data types. Hence, it is always advisable to avoid such errors and use proper data types while making comparisons or wanting an output.
Example to use the min() and max() functions in python
The output of the above python program will be: